Before: Religious And Political Conflict In The 1760s革命之前：1760年代的政教衝突
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接續前篇 Presbyterians and the American Revolution 長老教會與美國革命(中文翻譯)之二
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Pennsylvania, many of the new Presbyterian immigrants settled in frontier areas. Conflicts with Native Americans and concerns about Quaker political dominance erupted in violence in late 1763 when the Paxton Boys massacred a group of peaceful Susquehannock Indians near Lancaster. A larger group then marched on Philadelphia in early 1764. Benjamin Franklin rallied a militia that stopped the Paxton Boys outside the city, but the incident sparked much political tumult, especially between Quakers and Presbyterians who were labeled “Piss-brute-tarians (a bigoted, cruel and revengeful sect).” To counter the Presbyterians, Franklin backed a plan to install a royal government in Pennsylvania in place of the Penn proprietorship. Leading Presbyterian ministers including Gilbert Tennent and Francis Alison spoke out against a royal charter, and the conflict prompted formation of the first committees of correspondence—organized by Pennsylvania Presbyterians to oppose Franklin and his scheme. The Presbyterians and their allies succeeded, and a decade later committees of correspondence became a hallmark of American opposition to British rule during the Revolution.
在賓夕法尼亞州，許多新的長老會移民被安置在邊境地區。在1763年末，Paxton Boys (賓州愛爾蘭裔蘇格蘭移民自發組織的自衛團體)在蘭開斯特附近與土著美國人爆發衝突，並屠殺了一群愛好和平的蘇斯克漢諾克族印第安人，這致使貴格會教會對自己的政治主導地位產生疑慮。在1764年初，一個更大的群體行進至費城。班傑明·富蘭克林召集了一支阻止城外Paxton Boys的民兵組織，這是件事卻引發了更多的政治騷動，特別是長老會在貴格會之間被戲稱為“Piss-brute-tarians”，(一個頑固、殘忍和復仇心情強烈的教派(用諧音嘲笑長老教會的英文Presbyterians)。為了反擊長老會，富蘭克林支持在賓夕法尼亞州設立王室政府以取代Penn proprietorship(一種獨資經營的殖民單位)的計劃。包括吉爾伯特·坦內特和法蘭西斯·艾莉森在內的主要長老會議長們反對皇室憲章，這場衝突促成了第一批由賓夕法尼亞長老會組織的反對富蘭克林及其計劃的通信委員會。後來長老會及其盟友取得了成功，十年後的通信委員會成為美國革命時期反對英國統治的標誌。
Political cartoons of the era captured the animosity between Quakers and Presbyterians. In the drawing below, Quaker merchant Israel Pemberton, identified by his initials “IP” on the barrel in the lower left, gives hatchets to the Indians, telling them to “Exercise those on the Scotch Irish & Dutch & I’ll support you while I can.” Benjamin Franklin, in the right foreground, stands holding a bag of Pennsylvania money saying he will be content if he gets the government. A group of Quaker men sit behind them at the table and fret over the colony’s fate with one of them saying, “I’m afraid those wicked Presbyterians will get their ends accomplished.”
那個時代的政治漫畫記錄下了當時貴格會和長老會之間的敵意。在下圖中，貴格會商人以色列‧彭伯頓(通過左下角桶上的首字母縮寫“IP”標識認出他)，給印第安人發放的斧頭，告訴他們"把這些用在蘇格蘭裔愛爾蘭人和荷蘭人身上那些人，我會盡我所能的支持你們。班傑明‧富蘭克林，站在圖片右前方，手持一袋賓夕法尼亞州的錢袋說：「如果他能得到政府，他將會趕到滿意。」一群為殖民地的命運憂心的貴格會人齊坐一桌，其中一人說：「恐怕那些邪惡的長老教會人士終將會完成他們的目標。」
Cartoon by James Claypoole?, 1764. Courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia and Digital Paxton. James Claypoole(?)的漫畫，1764年。由費城公司圖書館和Digital Paxton提供。
Presbyterians joined others in criticizing the Anglican Church, contributing to the revolutionary fervor by undermining the concepts of authority that had denominated colonial life. Controversy over the possible appointment of an Anglican bishop for the colonies heated up in the 1760s with George III's accession to the British throne.
長老會加入其他人一起批評英國聖公會，一起透過破壞那些主宰殖民地人民生活的權威價值，來貢獻他們的革命熱情。這個爭議在1760年代更激化起來，因為喬治三世登基英國王位的王座後，有可能為殖民地任命官派的英國聖公會主教。
Cartoon from 1768 depicting angry American colonists using long poles to push the ship of an Anglican bishop out to sea. The mob flings a volume of Calvin's Works at the bishop while shouting, "Liberty & Freedom of Conscience." Print designed and engraved for the Political Register. Catalogue of prints and drawings in the British Museum. Division I, political and personal satires, v. 4, no. 4227. Courtesy of Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Divison.
這幅1768年的政治漫畫描繪了憤怒的美國殖民者用長桿把聖公會主教的船推出大海。這群暴徒向主教扔了一卷加爾文的作品並同時高呼"政治經濟上的自由與自由的良知(詳見註一)"。由政治登記冊(報社名)設計和刻印的印刷品。大英博物館的版畫和繪畫目錄。第一部分，政治和個人諷刺，第4節，第4227 號。由國會圖書館印刷與相片分布提供。
Into this charged atmosphere came John Witherspoon. He arrived from Scotland in 1768 to lead the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), the school founded by “New Side” Presbyterians in 1746. Although seen as a moderating force initially, Witherspoon was quite outspoken in his support for the patriot cause. Both Witherspoon and Francis Alison strongly opposed the installation of an Anglican bishop in America. Witherspoon served in the Continental Congress and was the only active minister to sign the Declaration of Independence. He also educated a number of leading revolutionaries including James Madison and Aaron Burr.
約翰‧威瑟斯普恩也受到這個充滿活力的氛圍影響。他從1768年從蘇格蘭趕來，領導紐澤西學院（後來的普林斯頓大學），這是1746年由"新派"長老會成立的學校。雖然他最初看起來是一股溫柔調和的勢力，但威瑟斯普恩從不避諱的支持愛國者大業(就是革命派立場)。威瑟斯普恩和法蘭西斯‧艾莉森都強烈反對在官派的聖公會主教。威瑟斯普恩在大陸會議中擔任侍奉(擔任隨行神職人員，詳見本系列第一篇)，而且他是惟一活耀於簽署獨立宣言的神職人員。他還教育了許多領先的革命家，包括詹姆斯‧麥迪遜和阿龍‧伯爾。
Portrait of John Witherspoon, undated. 約翰威瑟斯普恩的肖像，未註明日期。
1764 copper engraving by Philadelphia artist Henry Dawkins — copied from a drawing by William Tennent — shows Nassau Hall and Maclean House at the College of New Jersey. Image courtesy of Princeton University Library’s Department of Rare Books and Special Collections.
1764年費城藝術家亨利道金斯的銅版畫，從威廉田內特的繪畫中復製而來，顯示了紐澤西學院的拿騷樓和麥克萊恩旅館。圖片由普林斯頓大學圖書館珍藏書籍和特別收藏部門提供。
原文出處
https://www.history.pcusa.org/history-online/exhibits/asserting-right-religious-freedom-page-3
本來想先把時事類的翻出來，又想在翻譯民權運動系列之前補充一下對長老會歷史背景的知識，就還是先翻譯這系列了，翻完會把整個系列較早期沒翻譯的人名給補上翻譯名。
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Presbyterians and the American Revolution 長老教會與美國革命(中文翻譯)之四
Liberty跟Freedom在中文裡通常都翻譯為自由，但兩者實際英文意思並不相同，可參考下文連結
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